Project Euler/172

From charlesreid1

Problem Statement

Link: https://projecteuler.net/problem=172

How many 18-digit numbers n (without leading zeros) are there such that no digit occurs more than three times in n?

Solution: https://git.charlesreid1.com/cs/euler/src/master/scratch/Round7_170-180/Problem172.py

Explanation

A classic Project Euler problem: short, simple, and overwhelmingly complicated.

To nail this one, it's important to start simple - very simple. What I'll do is walk through the process of breaking this problem down to find and generalize the patterns needed to count permutations of digits.

First, in combinatorics problems it is important to think about what is changing, and how to count possible outcomes one piece at a time. Then the overall pieces can be combined to get the total count. In this case, we can think about a case for each digit: the case of 3 occurrences, the case of 2 occurrences, the case of 1 occurrence, and the case of 0 occurrences. Depending on the case, we limit our choices for later digits.

Let's start with a similar, but much simpler, problem: how do we construct a binary number with N digits and no more than m 0s and no more than m 1s?

In fact, let's make it even easier: how do we construct a 10 digit binary number with no more than 5 0's and no more than 5 1's?

The answer is, there is only ONE way to choose no more than 5 0's and no more than 5 1's to form a 10 digit number, and that's by having exactly 5 0's and 5 1's. Now that we know exactly how many of each digit we have, we can count the number of permutations of the number 0000011111 (the number of permutations).

Multiset Permutations

Note that multiset permutations are also discussed on the following pages:

If we are selecting from a group of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_1} things of type A, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_2} things of type B, and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_3} things of type C to form a total of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N} things, this type of combinatorics problem is called a multiset permutation, and the total number of ways of arranging this set of 3 things is given by:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{N}{N_1, N_2, N_3} = \dfrac{N!}{N_1! N_2! N_3!} }

In fact, this generalizes, for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k} classes of things we have a k-set permutation:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{N}{N_1, \dots, N_k} = \dfrac{N!}{N_1! \dots N_k!} }

Solution

Back to the problem at hand: to count the number of ways of placing 5 0s and 5 1s to form a 10 digit number.

Once we place 5 digits into any of the 10 available slots, that fixes the locations of the remaining 5 digits. However, we still have to include two 5! values, to account for all possible duplicates if we exchanged all 5 of the 1s with one another, or all 5 of the 0s with one another. We use the expression:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{10}{5} = \dfrac{10!}{5! 5!} = 10 \times 9 \times 8 \times 7 \times 6 }

Slightly More Complicated

To solve a slightly more complicated problem: suppose we have to assemble a 10-digit binary number from no more than 6 0s and no more than 6 1s?

Now we have 3 possible cases of numbers of 0s:

4 0s: 0000111111 - and its permutations

5 0s: 0000011111 - and its permutations

6 0s: 0000001111 - and its permutations

For each of these cases, we can think of it as the "bucket" of 0s containing 4 0s (5 and 6 0s, respectively) and the "bucket" of 1s containing 6 1s (5 and 4 1s, respectively). We still have a number of permutations that we can form using this given number of 0s and 1s, given by a multiset permutation expression.

For each case, we have a multiset permutation expression that tells us how many permutations we can form from the given number of 0s and 1s:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{ N }{ N_0, N_1 } }

So we have three possible outcomes, and the total number of arrangements is the sum of these three cases:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_{perms} = \binom{ 10 }{ 6, 4} + \binom{ 10 }{ 5, 5 } + \binom{ 10 }{ 6 , 4 } }

Generalizing

We can generalize the process. Suppose we are forming a number of length from a number of digits/classes Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k} labeled from Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0 \dots k-1} , and each digit/class can only appear a maximum of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m} times.

The number of combinations that can be formed for a given Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N, k, m} is given by the multiset permutation expression above. So the total number of permutations that can be formed is a sum of these multiset permutation expressions, over each possible combination of digits/classes into a number of length Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N} .

In computer science terms, we can think of this as a nested for loop or dynamic program; in mathematical terms, we can think of a sequence of summations whose limits depend on the variables in the other summations.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{N_1} \sum_{N_2} \dots \sum_{N_k} \binom{N}{N_0, N_1, N_2, \dots, N_{k-1}} }

where the limits of the summations are given by:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_1 = \min \left(N - (k-1) m, 0 \right) \dots m }

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_2 = \min \left( N - N_1 - (k-2) m, 0 \right) \dots m }

etc...

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_{k-1} = \min \left( N - N_1 - N_2 - \dots - N_{k-2}, 0 \right) \dots m }

these all fix the number of zeros Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0 = N - N_1 - N_2 - N_3 - \dots - N_k }

Notice that we ignore Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0} in the list of summations, because fixing the number of the first k-1 digits/classes (1s, 2s, 3s, ..., (k-1)s) will fix the number of 0s. Alternatively, we could count 0s and include a summation over Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0} , and eliminate the last summation over Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k-1} .

However, the multiset permutation expression includes ALL of the N's, from Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0} to Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_{k-1}} , since the choice of each variable leads to additional permutations.

Also note that any algorithm implementing this procedure can save time by checking if, for the preceding combinations of N, we have already reached the maximum possible digits that can be selected. (Alternatively, we could write the upper limit of the summations as expressions depending on the prior values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_i} , but we'll keep it simple.)

Ignoring Numbers Starting with 0

We have one last hurdle remaining, and that is how to ignore numbers that start with 0.

If we think about the problem as selecting the number of times each digit is repeated, then assembling that selection into all possible permutations, fixing the first digit as 0 is equivalent to removing one from the total length of the number that must be assembled, and removing one from the possible 0s that will go in the final number. Thus, if we are assembling an Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N} digit number from Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0} 0s, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_1} 1s, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_2} 2s, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_3} 3s, on up to Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_9} 9s, then the total number of permutations is given by:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{ N }{N_0, N_1, \dots, N_9} }

If we fix the first digit as 0, the remaining number of permutations is given by:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{N-1}{ N_0-1, N_1, \dots, N_9 } }

Therefore, the number of permutations, excluding those beginning with 0, is written:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{ N }{N_0, N_1, \dots, N_9} - \binom{N-1}{ N_0-1, N_1, \dots, N_9 } }

Also, it is important to note that if Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0 = 0} to begin with, there are no possible ways of assembling numbers that begin with 0 because there are no 0s in the number, so the second term becomes 0:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{ N }{0, N_1, \dots, N_9} - 0 }

Code

Known Solutions

Test cases with known solutions:

Test Case 1

Assemble two digits (0 and 1) into a 10-digit number, if each digit (0 and 1) can occur up to 5 times.

In this case, we know that 0 and 1 must occur exactly 5 times each. Now we are asking how we can assemble two sets of 5 things into 10 slots. This is a multiset permutation problem:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{10}{5,5} = \dfrac{10!}{5!}{5!} = \dfrac{10 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6}{5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1} = 252 }

But wait! We also want to exclude numbers starting with 0, so we actually have:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \binom{10}{5, 5} - \binom{9}{4, 5} = 126 }

which is half of 252 - exactly what we would expect.

Test Case 2

Assemble three digits (0, 1, 2) into a 6-digit number, if each digit (0, 1, 2) can occur up to 3 times. No number should start with 0.

In the prior case, we had one outcome of number of 0s and 1s, but in this case, we have a larger number of outcomes that we might see.

Evaluating the expressions for the limits of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_i} , we get:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{N_0 = 0}^{3} \sum_{N_1 = \max(0, 3 - N_0) }^{3} \binom{6}{N_0, N_1, (N-N_0-N_1)} }

where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_2 = N - N_0 - N_1} . Written out, this becomes the total number of possible 6-digit numbers,

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a = \binom{6}{0,3,3} + \binom{6}{1,2,3} + \binom{6}{1,3,2} + \binom{6}{2,1,3} + \binom{6}{2,2,2} + \binom{6}{2,3,1} + \binom{6}{3,0,3} + \binom{6}{3,1,2} + \binom{6}{3,2,1} + \binom{6}{3,3,0} }

minus the number of 6-digit numbers starting with 0:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b = 0 + \binom{5}{0,2,3} + \binom{5}{0,3,2} + \binom{5}{1,1,3} + \binom{5}{1,2,2} + \binom{5}{1,3,1} + \binom{5}{2,0,3} + \binom{5}{2,1,2} + \binom{5}{2,2,1} + \binom{5}{2,3,0} }

Let a be the first expression and b be the second expression; then the total is: 

In [40]: np.sum(a)
Out[40]: 510.0

In [41]: np.sum(b)
Out[41]: 170.0

In [42]: np.sum(a) - np.sum(b)
Out[42]: 340.0

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a - b = 340 }

Recursion

The essence of this problem is a nested for loop - but because we have 9 digits to deal with, a 9-level nested for loop would be a big headache and would not generalize well.

Instead, we can write a recursive method that is called for each of the k (9) digits being selected to compose the final N- (18-) digit number.

The recursive method looks something like this: 

global variable solution_count
global variable m
global variable N

def recursive_method( n_tuple, n) {
    if(n==9) {
        compute multiset permutation combinations
        increment global solutions total
        need N, N0, N1, N2, etc.
    } else {
        assemble choices for N_i
        for(choice in choices) {
            set N_i to choice
            call recursive_method()
            unset N_i
        }
    }
}

Pseudocode

Computing the number of possible integers n that meet the specified criteria thus boils down to a long sequence of nested summations (nested loops).

The problem is posed for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N=18, k = 10, m = 3} . For this case, the final expression for the total number of permutations is:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{N_1} \sum_{N_2} \sum_{N_3} \sum_{N_4} \sum_{N_5} \sum_{N_6} \sum_{N_7} \sum_{N_8} \sum_{N_9} \binom{N}{N_0, N_1, N_2, \dots, N_9} - \binom{N-1}{N_0-1, N_1, N_2, \dots, N_9} }

where the limits of summation are given by:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_1 = \max \left( N - (10-1) m, 0 \right) \dots m }

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_2 = \max \left( N - N_1 - (10-2) m, 0 \right) \dots m }

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_3 = \max \left( N - N_1 - N_2 - (10-3) m, 0 \right) \dots m }

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_4 = \max \left( N - N_1 - N_2 - N_3 - (10-4) m, 0 \right) \dots m }

etc...

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_9 = \max \left( N - N_1 - N_2 - \dots - N_7 - N_8, 0 \right) \dots m }

and from these, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0} is determined by:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_0 = N - N_1 - N_2 - \dots - N_8 - N_9 }


Final Code

Final code: https://git.charlesreid1.com/cs/euler/src/master/scratch/Round7_170-180/Problem172.py

Final Answer

Setting the correct parameters should result in the following result:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P = 227,485,267,000,992,000 }

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Grid 0: Problems 1-99

Problem 1  · Problem 2  · Problem 3  · Problem 4  · Problem 5  · Problem 6  · Problem 7  · Problem 8  · Problem 9  · Problem 10

Problem 11  · Problem 12  · Problem 13  · Problem 14  · Problem 15  · Problem 16  · Problem 17  · Problem 18  · Problem 19  · Problem 20

Problem 21  · Problem 22  · Problem 23  · Problem 24  · Problem 25  · Problem 26  · Problem 27  · Problem 28  · Problem 29  · Problem 30

Problem 31  · Problem 32  · Problem 33  · Problem 34  · Problem 35  · Problem 36  · Problem 37  · Problem 38  · Problem 39  · Problem 40

Problem 41  · Problem 42  · Problem 43  · Problem 44  · Problem 45  · Problem 46  · Problem 47  · Problem 48  · Problem 49  · Problem 50

Problem 51  · Problem 52  · Problem 53  · Problem 54  · Problem 55  · Problem 56  · Problem 57  · Problem 58  · Problem 59  · Problem 60

Problem 61  · Problem 62  · Problem 63  · Problem 64  · Problem 65  · Problem 66  · Problem 67  · Problem 68  · Problem 69  · Problem 70

Problem 71  · Problem 72  · Problem 73  · Problem 74  · Problem 75  · Problem 76  · Problem 77  · Problem 78  · Problem 79  · Problem 80

Grid 1: Problems 100-199

Problem 100  · Problem 101  · Problem 102  · Problem 103  · Problem 104  · Problem 105  · Problem 106  · Problem 107  · Problem 108  · Problem 109

...

Problem 150  · Problem 151  · Problem 152  · Problem 153  · Problem 154  · Problem 155  · Problem 156  · Problem 157  · Problem 158  · Problem 159

...

Problem 170  · Problem 171  · Problem 172  · Problem 173  · Problem 174  · Problem 175  · Problem 176  · Problem 177  · Problem 178  · Problem 179

...


Problem 190  · Problem 191  · Problem 192  · Problem 193  · Problem 194  · Problem 195  · Problem 196  · Problem 197  · Problem 198  · Problem 199


Grid 2: Problems 200-299

Problem 227  · Problem 254


Grid 3: Problems 300-399


Problem 301  · Problem 310

Problem 312  · Problem 319

Problem 323  · Problem 328

Problem 334  · Problem 337

Problem 345  · Problem 346

Problem 355  · Problem 356

Problem 364  · Problem 367

Problem 373  · Problem 378

Problem 382  · Problem 389

Problem 391

Grid 5: Problems 500-599

Problem 400


Grid 5: Problems 500-599

Problem 500  · Problem 501  · Problem 502


Grid 9: Problems 900-999

Problem 932


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